Introduction: APIs and SEPs as essential inputs in the digital ecosystem.

Section 2: SEPs, FRAND determination, and effects on innovation

1. The SSO and SEP, market power and cooperation.
2. The Economic rationale of FRAND commitments: hold up v. reverse hold up.
3. FRAND commitments and injunctive reliefs: striking a balance between the interests and aims of SEPs holders and implementers
4. Definition of FRAND licensing terms: EU and US approach; proposals (ex ante licensing)
5. The Huawei etiquette and its implementation in the post-Huawei (German and UK) case law: patent assertion entities; parties’ duties; FRAND single rate v. FRAND range
6. Uncertainty and its effects (litigation costs; willingness to join SSOs; innovation)